Vitamin B12 is essential to making DNA and RNA, the genetic material in every cell, and to produce red blood cells. A lack of B12 causes pernicious anemia, which causes many symptoms. B12 is also involved in cellular metabolism, growth, cell reproduction, and nerve function. Methionine is used for protein synthesis, including the formation of SAMe, L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, taurine, and sulfate. The first step in the conversion of methionine is to homocysteine and SAM. SAM is a methyl donor that is involved in many steps in lipid metabolism. SAM contributes to the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine and subsequently phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine is involved in producing very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). VLDLs prevent fat accumulation in the liver. SAM is also a methyl donor used to produce creatine. Creatine is a protein that helps muscle cells produce energy.

Myoinositol is transformed to phosphatidylinositol in the body, where it is used to make cell membranes. Phosphatidylinositol levels influence hormones that regulate metabolism, energy usage and storage, and the stress response. Inositol can stimulate glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle, resulting in decreased blood glucose levels.

Choline is used to synthesize phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. The phospholipid phosphatidylcholine is also crucial in packaging fat consumed in the diet. Without adequate phosphatidylcholine, fat and cholesterol may accumulate in the liver. In clinical trials, choline supplementation led to rapid fat and weight loss in female athletes. Choline is also a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in stimulating muscle contraction, maintaining circadian rhythms, enhancing memory, and other functions. It is a vital source of methyl groups required to methylate homocysteine. Choline is essential for optimal liver, muscle, and brain function.