Citicoline is used to synthesize acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine – chemical messengers in the brain associated with learning, attention, and mood. Citicoline also increases glutathione production and opposes metabolic processes that promote cell death. Citicoline is an intermediary in the production of phospholipids. Phospholipids are found in the cell membranes of all cells in the body but are especially important for brain cells. Phosphatidylcholine makes up about 30% of the gray matter in the brain.

L-carnitine can be found in the diet or produced from lysine and methionine in the liver and kidney. The enzyme carnitine acetyltransferase converts L-carnitine into acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR). Higher levels of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) increase acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate in the brain. As brain cells age, inflammation increases, and neurons become less functional. ALCAR is thought to support acetylcholine levels supporting memory and attention, and improving focus. It also helps transport fats across the mitochondrial cell membrane, where they can be metabolized for energy.

Blueberries are high in anthocyanins, which are colored pigments found in the phenolic group. Polyphenols in blueberry extract have strong antioxidant properties. In addition, blueberries reduce oxidative stress in the brain and improve brain function through the brain-derived neurotrophic signaling pathway.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is broken down by an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase. Most acetylcholinesterase activity seems to be associated with the amyloid core of senile plaques, which exist in increased numbers in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Huperzine A is a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that increases acetylcholine levels in the brain, supporting attention and memory. Huperzine A also has antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. It counteracts glutamate-induced toxicity, possibly by interacting with NMDA receptors.